MEDNAX Neonatal Nurse Practitioner (NNP) Practice Exam

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• The American Academy of Pediatrics considers maternal marijuana use to be:
• Serum procalcitonin is used as a marker for sepsis and can guide decisions regarding:
• Which two malformations are cited as leading to pulmonary hypoplasia and increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension?
• Which statement best reflects the cause of neonatal spinal injury?
• Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) presents with which statement about pulmonary arterial pressure?
• Cochrane Reviews have found modest benefit for antiplatelet drugs, chiefly low-dosage aspirin, to include what reductions?
• Which cranial nerve is typically not examined in a newborn due to rare involvement?
• Which incubator heating mode may make it more difficult to monitor the infant's body temperature as a warning sign for sepsis?
• An infant recovering from a pneumothorax has urinary output less than 1 mL/hr, weight gain of 200 g in 24 hours, serum sodium 125, and urine specific gravity 1.020. What is the next step in fluid management?
• If it becomes necessary to use a suction catheter during neonatal resuscitation, the suction control should be set at a negative pressure of:
• Acquired subglottic stenosis is most often caused by:
• In neonatal sepsis, a decreased platelet count is usually:
• The fetus begins to respond to sound by the end of which trimester?
• Drugs that are highly protein bound will have ______ active drug available for a pharmacologic response than drugs that have a lower percentage bound to protein.
• Phrenic nerve injury usually accompanies signs and symptoms of:
• Which of the following conditions involves invasion of the placenta into the uterine myometrium?
• Which statement describes the relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and gestational age/birth weight?
• On a conventional ventilator, which change has the greatest impact on increasing the mean airway pressure?
• How is the location of retinopathy of prematurity described?
• The most accurate method of identifying Trisomy 21 during pregnancy is:
• Which syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis, maxillary hypoplasia, and symmetric syndactyly of the hands and feet?
• Phrenic nerve injury usually accompanies signs and symptoms of which condition?
• What is the maximum physiologic weight loss considered normal for very premature neonates in the first days of life?
• What is the recommended dose of palivizumab per kilogram for RSV prophylaxis?
• Pulmonary hypoplasia may be caused by which condition?
• The signs of placenta previa are best described as which of the following?
• Most bronchopulmonary sequestrations are asymptomatic in the neonatal period. Which statement best describes this?
• Which muscle is affected in congenital torticollis?
• Chest compressions are indicated during neonatal resuscitation when the heart rate:
• Which statement is true regarding neonatal pain scales described here?
• Which diagnosis should be considered in newborns who show signs of hypoperfusion and falling hematocrit after a vacuum-assisted delivery?
• Stage 4 ROP is associated with which finding?
• What does VA stand for in VA-ECMO?
• Which of the following promotes an inflammatory response of chemical pneumonitis?
• Blister cells on the peripheral blood smear of a newborn infant are most consistent with which condition?
• Anemias may be characterized morphologically as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on which parameter?
• Which value may be helpful in deciding duration of antibiotic therapy?
• Which condition is Potter sequence typically associated with?
• In stage 3, extraretinal neovascularization may become severe enough to cause total retinal detachment (Stage 5), which most often leads to blindness.
• Which fetal monitoring pattern is most associated with decreased placental perfusion during contractions?
• If a drug is mostly unbound in plasma, distribution is most affected by which parameter?
• Early use of inhaled nitric oxide is most likely beneficial in which scenario?
• During fetal circulation, blood returning to the right side of the heart from the ________ has the highest oxygen saturation.
• Management of an IV extravasation injury includes which of the following?
• Which plays an essential role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis?
• For heroin-exposed infants, withdrawal signs may present at which time?
• Strabismus is commonly associated with which types of abnormalities?
• Neonatal neutrophil counts are higher in which mode of delivery?
• The anterior cricoid split may be used in the treatment of which of the following conditions?
• Tear formation in newborns does not usually begin until which age?
• Capillary alveolar dysplasia is often initially misdiagnosed in the neonatal period as which congenital lung lesion?
• Prenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate during pregnancy has been associated with a reduction in the risk for which condition?
• Contraindications to performing suprapubic bladder aspiration include which condition?
• Which factor is the major contributor to the risk of pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm infants?
• Stage 4 ROP is associated with which finding?
• Ocular findings in a newborn with fetal alcohol syndrome may include which finding?
• Population studies have reported odds ratios for certain congenital anomalies associated with fetal opioid exposure in the range of which?
• Which of the following is often associated with underlying congenital cardiac anomalies?
• Which statement about the first-pass effect is true?
• Surfactant therapy primarily serves to do which of the following in neonates with respiratory distress?
• In pregnancies affected by diabetes, what L/S ratio cutoff may be considered to predict lung maturity given the risk of RDS even with L/S 2:1?
• As congenital glaucoma progresses, which finding is most characteristic?
• A neonate presents with a clear discharge from an otherwise normal-appearing umbilical cord. This finding most likely indicates which condition?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between Barlow and Ortolani maneuvers?
• A delay in clinical improvement from respiratory distress syndrome with prolonged need for high ventilator settings should raise suspicion for which condition?
• In retinopathy of prematurity, plus disease is defined by which vascular changes?
• What is the primary fetal response to hypoxemia?
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is more likely to occur in younger gestational age and lower birth weight. Which statement best expresses this concept?
• Which syndrome is defined by craniosynostosis, maxillary hypoplasia, and symmetric syndactyly?
• In an infant with prerenal oliguria without renal failure, urine osmolarity is typically:
• Early decelerations during fetal monitoring are associated with which mechanism?
• Contraindications of umbilical venous catheters include which condition?
• Intravenous injection of heroin during pregnancy exposes the mother and her fetus to a greater risk for which maternal-fetal complication?
• Maternal lupus erythematosus is commonly associated with which congenital finding?
• Which scenario is most likely to increase the risk of placenta accreta?
• Which statement about pain associated with venipuncture versus heel-stick sampling in neonates is most accurate?
• HBV immune globulin prophylaxis is less effective if treatment is delayed beyond how many hours after birth?
• Which infants should receive an indirect ophthalmoscopy exam for ROP?
• What is the recommended dosing interval for acyclovir in neonates?
• Which statement about abdominal palpation in the newborn is true?
• An infant presenting with a 90-degree deviation of the hand and wrist, shortened forearm, bowing ulna, absent or hypoplastic thumb, and limited movement of the hand, wrist, and forearm should be evaluated for which condition?
• When testing the doll's eye reflex by rotating the infant, normal eyes deviate in which direction?
• Which phase relates dose to plasma concentration over time?
• Which ventilator mode is most appropriate when trying to improve ventilation during high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)?
• It has been shown that aiming for higher core temperatures within the range of 37.6 to 38.2°C, or 37.5 to 38.5°C, may be normal in infants without signs of overwarming. Which range best reflects this guidance?
• Decreased placental perfusion during contractions is associated with which fetal heart rate pattern?
• A preauricular sinus is noted on exam. This may be associated with which of the following?
• Surfactant therapy is associated with an increased risk of which complication?
• Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium greater than which value?
• A very high mean airway pressure can cause which of the following hemodynamic consequences?
• Disadvantages of maternal methadone maintenance during pregnancy include which neonatal outcome?
• The relative magnitude of heat loss through which mechanism is similar in the term and preterm infant?
• Which abnormality involves abnormal location of the urethral meatus on the ventral surface of the penis and is often associated with chordee?
• Which condition is characterized by multiple joint contractures that are present at birth?
• Infants with acute renal failure must be closely monitored for which metabolic disturbance?
• Fetal corticosteroid treatment can improve lung function even if surfactant is not increased due to changes in lung structure by increasing what?
• Low-set ears in newborns should prompt evaluation for anomalies in which organ system?
• Prenatal exposure to ACE inhibitors or ARBs has been linked to which neonatal complication?
• Minimal enteral feeds should be started with expressed human milk as soon as possible after birth at a starting volume of?
• Which radiographic view is most useful to distinguish between a pneumothorax and a pneumomediastinum?
• Central cyanosis is best observed by examining which area?
• Early signs of hypothyroidism in the neonate may include which finding?
• Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with renal agenesis is characterized by which findings?
• Which condition is associated with an increased prevalence of thyroid dysgenesis?
• A process of drug absorption by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles is known as:
• Low-set ears in newborns are most commonly associated with which systemic anomaly?
• Each endotracheal intubation attempt should be limited to how many seconds?
• Meconium’s effect on surfactant in MAS is best described by which statement?
• Which metabolic abnormality is associated with E. coli sepsis?
• Urinary dilution capability in term newborns compared with older children or adults is:
• The sodium content of normal saline is which of the following?
• Bronchopulmonary sequestration is a pulmonary anomaly characterized by a segment of lung tissue that lacks connection with the tracheobronchial tree and receives its blood supply from which source?
• Postaxial polydactyly in African American infants is typically.
• MCV helps determine which of the following?
• Which phase of retinopathy of prematurity is characterized by proliferation of retinal vessels in response to markedly elevated VEGF and erythropoietin?
• In which stage of ROP can extraretinal neovascularization initially become severe enough to cause total retinal detachment?
• Late-onset neonatal hypocalcemia is due to relative resistance of the immature kidney to which hormone?
• If the mother's plasma glucose is 200 mg/dL, what fetal plasma glucose concentration range would you expect?
• I:T ratios during the first 5 days of life are less than ____ in 96% of healthy premature infants with a gestational age of 32 weeks or less.
• Posterior placement of a chest tube is appropriate for draining which type of collection?
• Cardiomegaly may be observed as a manifestation of perinatal hypoxia in which condition?
• Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can be decisively linked to:
• Which statement about nitric oxide use in premature neonates is accurate according to trials?
• Energy requirements for normal growth and activity of term infants is approximately:
• In a newborn of a mother with phenylketonuria (PKU), increased maternal phenylalanine concentrations are associated with which finding in the newborn?
• In normal pregnancies, fetal plasma glucose concentration is approximately what percent of the maternal concentration?
• Maternal cardiac disease is most likely to have which effect on the fetus?
• Smears of pustular material from neonatal pustular melanosis reveal predominantly:
• In neonates with significant hyperglycemia, which statement about glycosuria and diuresis is true?
• Two thirds of infants with CAH have a severe form with inability to produce which mineralocorticoid?
• At 1-5 mcg/kg/min, dopamine primarily causes dilation of which vascular beds?
• Central cyanosis detection depends on which factor?
• The Joint Committee on Infant Hearing recommends referral to Early Intervention Services no later than what age for infants with any degree of unilateral or bilateral hearing loss?
• Which condition presents with multiple joint contractures at birth?
• Which interspace is safest for lumbar puncture in extremely preterm infants to avoid cord penetration?
• Which respiratory disorder is most commonly associated with an overinflated chest appearance on exam?
• Infants eligible for ROP screening are generally born at or before which gestational age?
• Intravenous lipids should be started with the first day of full parenteral nutrition at:
• In most cases of laryngomalacia, therapy is
• The statement that vocal cord paralysis is the second most common cause of stridor in the pediatric patient implies it is:
• Which electrolyte abnormality is characteristically seen in SIADH?
• Rifampin may be used in combination with other antibiotics to treat resistant infections caused by which organism?
• Which ultrasonographic measurement maintains closest correlation with gestational age in the second trimester?
• The term small for gestational age refers to a neonate that:
• In neonates receiving conventional amphotericin B, which electrolyte abnormality should be closely monitored?
• Mild hydronephrosis detected prenatally is most likely caused by which mechanism?
• During the first month of life, metabolic maturation can change dosing needs; which statement captures this?
• After drying the term or moderately preterm infant after birth, which heat loss mechanism will dominate?
• Which intervention helps minimize convective heat loss by limiting air movement near the skin?
• When using skin servo-controlled incubator temperature, the use of body temperature as a signal of disease must be replaced by monitoring which parameter?
• Infants with diabetes insipidus (DI) must be closely monitored for which electrolyte abnormality?
• Which test detects a fetal-maternal hemorrhage?
• White or yellow papules on a red macular base that can be found on the face, trunk or proximal extremities is most consistent with:
• Renal sodium handling is crucial in maintaining sodium balance and protecting against volume depletion or overload. Which process is described?
• For a neonate weighing 4 kg, what is the recommended acyclovir dose per kilogram per dose every 8 hours?
• Which condition may cause cyanosis despite a normal PaO2?
• Which anomaly is an example of a disruption in the developmental process?
• Which radiographic differential diagnosis is difficult to distinguish from pulmonary hemorrhage on imaging?
• A 2-day-old infant born at 30 weeks' gestation has an immature-to-total neutrophil ratio (I:T) of 0.40. This finding may indicate which condition?
• Which process causes the greatest source of heat loss immediately after birth?
• Damage to the seventh cranial nerve prior to or during delivery can result in which outcome?
• The absolute neutrophil count includes which cells?
• A musty odor in an infant's urine at about one week of age is most suggestive of which metabolic disorder?
• An infant presents with unilaterally decreased breath sounds. Which condition must be considered?
• During resuscitation, suction pressure should be set to which range?
• A maternal characteristic that has been shown to increase the risks of preterm birth is which of the following?
• Pregnant women who abuse methamphetamine are at increased risk of poor fetal outcomes similar to those who abuse:
• During chest compressions with positive pressure ventilation, which oxygen concentration should be used?
• Which of the following is a common finding in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
• The initial dose of hepatitis B immune globulin for neonates is administered by which route?
• Which statement best reflects the relationship between lipid-based and conventional amphotericin B formulations?
• In diabetic women with vasculopathy, which fetal condition occurs most frequently?
• In low-birth-weight infants, the innocent pulmonary flow murmur is transmitted to which regions?
• In the Barlow test, displaceability is manifested by
• Which statement about the timing of HIV transmission is most accurate?
• During amphotericin B therapy, which metric is routinely used to assess fluid balance?
• Which statement best describes strabismus?
• Which statement about treatment for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is true?
• Between which gestational ages does the spinal cord termination ascend from L4 to L2?
• A prolonged deceleration can be defined as:
• An infant diagnosed prenatally with a diaphragmatic hernia. Care immediately after delivery should include which of the following?
• Premature infants should be immunized according to their
• In utero, meconium is released into the amniotic fluid in response to:
• Which statement is true about protein-bound drugs?
• In time-cycled synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), synchrony between mechanical and spontaneous breath occurs during:
• Placenta previa is most strongly associated with which placental attachment disorder?
• The appearance of blueberry muffin spots in a newborn is most consistent with which process?
• Which statement is NOT a pharmacokinetic process?
• ADH regulates water absorption in which part of the nephron?
• When performing an assessment of the hips on an infant, you would expect a positive Ortolani sign to:
• In oscillator ventilation, amplitude is analogous to which conventional ventilation parameter?
• The relative infant dose (RID) may be of concern for breastfeeding infants if RID exceeds which percentage?
• Prenatal glucocorticoids have what effect on skin maturation?
• An infant who is cold-stressed is at risk for developing which metabolic disturbance?
• Central apnea can best be defined as a cessation of which of the following?
• Which ECMO configuration provides pulmonary support only?
• Which defect presents with protrusion of the bladder through an abdominal wall defect and often includes an omphalocele, genital malformations, and meningomyelocele?
• Which treatment has been shown to reduce risk for preterm birth, small for gestational age infants, and fetal or neonatal deaths?
• An infant presents in the delivery room with a scaphoid abdomen and signs of respiratory distress. Which must be suspected?
• Which combination of features best describes Apert syndrome?
• Micropenis is defined as which of the following?
• Approximately what percentage of full-term male infants born with cryptorchidism can be expected to achieve full testicular descent by the age of 9 months without therapeutic intervention?
• Which statement is true regarding the prevalence of upper cervical injuries in neonatal spinal trauma?
• In amniotic fluid contaminated with blood or meconium, which test demonstrates greatest validity for fetal lung maturity?
• In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which factor is associated with fluid accumulation in the lungs?
• Zidovudine is used to treat which of the following?
• During resuscitation, suction pressure should be set to which range?
• Prostaglandin E1 is indicated for use in which congenital heart condition?
• In a full-term female infant, clitoral enlargement is considered abnormal when the clitoral width exceeds which value?
• Renovascular hypertension accounts for up to what percentage of neonatal hypertension?
• What is the maximum recommended daily dose of conventional amphotericin B for injection in neonates?
• Normocytic anemia with a low reticulocyte count may be due to:
• Which neonatal skin finding is described as transient and benign and frequently confused with infectious lesions?
• Which medication has growing evidence as an effective adjunctive therapy for NAS, though further prospective trials are warranted?
• Conditions that cause a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right will result in which of the following?
• Antenatal corticosteroids have their most evident fetal effect on which aspect of surfactant biology?
• Which of the following describes Potter sequence?
• Neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis is treated with sulfacetamide drops or ointment for how long?
• Which HFOV parameter is equivalent to peak inspiratory pressure in conventional ventilation?
• How is the severity of retinopathy of prematurity described?
• Choanal atresia presents with which classic pattern of respiratory symptoms?
• What is the maximum physiologic weight loss considered normal for term neonates in the first days of life?
• What is the primary mechanism of penicillin resistance in some microorganisms?
• What is the most common significant complication associated with peripheral venous catheters?
• Infants with antenatal exposure to benzodiazepines or barbiturates may develop signs of drug withdrawal at:
• Prenatal exposure to indomethacin has been associated with which neonatal complication?
• What is the glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min) for a 3.0 kg infant receiving 80 cc/kg/day of D10W?
• What is the initial empirical pharmacologic combination for suspected neonatal pneumonia?
• Which of the following is a hallmark finding in radial dysplasia?
• The most common medical cause of both early- and delayed-onset hearing loss in infants is which infection?
• In a full-term male infant, micropenis can be described as a penis that measures less than which length?
• Multiple studies have suggested that prenatal marijuana exposure exerts long-term effects on the child's:
• During the neonatal hip examination, which finding can be mistaken for a pathological reducing sign but is often a normal finding in neonates?
• A malformation is best described as which of the following?
• In ROP management, which statement best describes the relative importance of oxygen control?
• Long-term maintenance of normal serum pH depends on the renal excretion of the daily acid load. Which organ is primarily responsible?
• Urine appears to be passing from the umbilicus in a full-term newborn; which condition would you suspect?
• Which combination of factors contributes to a rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve in neonates?
• Which statement about surfactant synthesis and secretion is true?
• Which of the following is characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
• The predominant protein found in premature formula is:
• An absolute indication for rapidly correcting anemia by RBC transfusion is:
• Apnea of prematurity, when not accompanied by oxygen desaturation and bradycardia, is traditionally defined as cessation of breathing for more than:
• When syndactyly presents as an isolated anomaly, the inheritance pattern is which?
• In extremely low birth weight infants, a reasonable approach is to advance enteral feeds by
• Late-onset hypocalcemia is associated with renal retention of phosphorus. Which electrolyte finding is typically seen?
• ROP located in which zone has a much worse prognosis?
• The concept described as the 'Time constant' in neonatal respiratory physiology corresponds to which of the following?
• The most common type of neonatal hypercalcemia is which of the following?
• Conventional ventilation with distending pressure is used to recruit atelectatic alveoli. An often-used alternative therapy in this setting is which of the following?
• The most important organ for drug elimination in the newborn is the:
• CDC guidelines for preventing early-onset GBS disease recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for women who have:
• Respiratory compensation in response to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis should:
• Which finding is most characteristic of radial dysplasia?
• Often performed with the Ortolani test, the Barlow maneuver attempts to:
• Opioids given during labor for pain relief may cause which of the following side effects on the fetus?
• In a large, symptomatic bronchopulmonary sequestration in the neonate, which treatment may be necessary?
• Colobomas involving the iris and retina are associated with:
• Co-administration of indomethacin with a postnatal corticosteroid may increase the risk of which complication?
• In fetal lung development, which statement is true?
• During surfactant administration, if the infant becomes cyanotic and bradycardic with SpO2 75%, the most appropriate action is to
• For a preterm infant, what is the recommended lumbar puncture needle depth?
• Calcium supplementation during pregnancy has been associated with which outcome?
• Which drug class is associated with neonatal renal failure when used during pregnancy?
• A drug used to treat severe metabolic alkalosis after other treatments have failed is:
• Infants with chronic lung disease requiring medical therapy are eligible for RSV prophylaxis up to what age?
• On conventional ventilation, carbon dioxide elimination is most effectively increased by raising:
• The doll's eyes reflex tests the function of which cranial nerve?
• Which postnatal finding commonly prompts evaluation for diaphragmatic hernia?
• Which pharmacokinetic factor affects the percentage of an orally administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation?
• What percentage of fetal hemoglobin is typically present in a neonate born at 28 weeks gestational age?
• Abnormal doll's eye reflex may indicate:
• Sturge-Weber syndrome includes which finding?
• Which condition presents as a scalp swelling that is most associated with vacuum-assisted delivery and requires consideration for monitoring?
• Which radiographic finding is most characteristic of meconium aspiration syndrome?
• Where is a patent ductus arteriosus murmur best auscultated?
• How is the extent of the disease of retinopathy of prematurity described?
• An infant who has been extubated for two weeks develops a hoarse cry that has worsened over time. Which problem should you suspect?
• Which intervention has a beneficial effect on water and sodium balance in infants with extremely low birth weight?
• Which statement best describes the typical outcome of most metatarsus adductus deformities?
• Which of the following best describes the risk factors for ROP related to oxygen in the first weeks of life?
• Hyperglycemia is typically defined as plasma glucose greater than which value?
• What was the observed effect of nitric oxide on survival in premature neonates according to trials?
• Which condition increases pulmonary blood flow?
• Bronchopulmonary sequestration commonly obtains arterial blood supply from which circulatory source?
• Peripheral temperature measurements from the sole of the foot provide information about the infant's thermal state, particularly when graphed with core temperature to assess which aspect?
• Which maternal condition increases the risk of renal anomalies in the newborn?
• What serves as a reliable indicator of persistent central cyanosis during neonatal resuscitation?
• Most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in neonates?
• In unilateral vocal cord paralysis, which statement is true?
• The radiographic findings of Group B Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia are most similar to which condition?
• Which condition is commonly treated with inhaled nitric oxide?
• The suture that separates the frontal and parietal bones is the:
• In ductal steal due to a significant PDA, which description best reflects the pathophysiology?
• Damage to which nerve is associated with facial paralysis in the newborn when injured pre- or perinatally?
• The pre-ductal SpO2 target for a newborn at 1 minute of life is approximately:
• A low serum protein level decreases binding sites and can cause an increase in free drug in the plasma. Drug toxicity may be a result. What is a potential consequence?
• Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is decisively linked to:
• Supplying adequate calcium and phosphorus in parenteral nutrition remains challenging because of:
• What is the primary clinical finding in a newborn with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)?
• The oxygen dissociation curve describes the:
• Trough drug levels are used to determine:
• What is the primary pathophysiologic driver of gestational diabetes?
• In meconium aspiration syndrome, which radiographic pattern is characteristic?
• Congenital cataracts are frequently associated with which disorder?
• What is the recommended chest compression to ventilation ratio during neonatal resuscitation?
• The treatment of choice for neonatal hypomagnesemia is which of the following?
• Hyponatremia in neonates with renal failure is typically related to which factor?
• At which state does the infant interact most with the environment?
• Which statement about inhaled nitric oxide in PPHN is true?
• Which mode of mechanical ventilation has proven most effective for the incidence and treatment of air leak syndromes?
• Which test provides confirmatory diagnostic evidence of PPHN?
• Rifampin is best described as having which antimicrobial activity?
• Macroglossia, an enlarged and protruding tongue, may be associated with which syndrome?
• Secondary pulmonary hypoplasia is most commonly caused by which of the following?
• On examination of a male neonate, a hard, swollen scrotum that is bluish-red and does not transilluminate indicates which condition?
• When immunizing preterm and/or low birth weight infants, vaccine doses should be _______ compared to term infants.
• End-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) monitors measure the pCO2 of which gas?
• In a newborn with a patent ductus arteriosus that remains open after birth, which shunt direction becomes more prominent as pulmonary vascular resistance falls?
• Bioavailability of a drug given by the IV route is which percentage?
• If a bronchopulmonary sequestration is large, it can present as respiratory insufficiency due to which mechanisms?
• In radial dysplasia, which bone is typically bowed?
• A systolic murmur that radiates to the left axilla and lower back is most characteristic of which condition?
• Which coagulation test is most directly affected by the administration of vitamin K?
• An ABG shows pH 7.13, PaCO2 78 mmHg, PaO2 156 mmHg, HCO3- 20 mEq/L. Which acid-base disturbance is most consistent?
• Neonatal pustular melanosis is transient and benign and smears reveal predominantly neutrophils and no bacteria. Which statement best reflects this feature?
• Premature infants are prone to the development of which cranial shape abnormality?
• Minimal enteral feeds should be initiated with expressed human milk as soon as possible after birth at a starting volume of?
• A communication technique used during resuscitation that involves repetition of information between the sender and the recipient to ensure instructions are heard and understood is known as:
• Fluid requirements during the first day of life in an anuric term infant who has renal parenchymal injury due to perinatal asphyxia are approximately:
• Which of the following is associated with genitourinary abnormalities, deficiency of abdominal wall structure, and cryptorchidism?
• Which factor plays a major role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
• The preferred site for preductal pulse oximetry is which location?
• Use of epidural anesthesia for pain relief during labor and delivery will:
• Placenta accreta is best described as which of the following?
• A component of a traditional biophysical profile (BPP) is which of the following?
• Capillary alveolar dysplasia is often initially diagnosed as which of the following conditions?
• The most common type of acute renal failure in neonates is:
• Which imaging modality is typically used first to evaluate suspected hydronephrosis in a neonate?
• At which dose range does dopamine increase cardiac contractility, cardiac output, and blood pressure without decreasing renal blood flow?
• Fluctuant scalp mass with poorly demarcated borders extending into the neck should raise concern for which complication?
• Most children with an isolated multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) will:
• Torticollis and metatarsus adductus are often the consequence of what prenatal factor?
• Which abdominal wall defect larger than 4 cm is covered by a translucent, avascular sac through which the umbilical cord inserts?
• A key aspect of care for an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is which of the following?
• New Ballard Score has been shown to exceed actual gestational age for infants less than 28 weeks gestation by:
• Which description best defines a vesicle?
• Studies have shown that the fetus can sustain normal growth in the absence of which hormone?
• Symmetric intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is most often associated with which etiology?
• Which statement best describes the timing for initiating services after confirmation of unilateral or bilateral hearing loss?
• Epiphora with photophobia in a newborn most strongly suggests which diagnosis?
• If an abruption occurs in a posteriorly located placenta, the only presenting symptom may be:
• The nasolacrimal duct is not fully patent until what age?
• Ortolani test findings include a reduction of a dislocated hip, which is felt as a:
• Which statement correctly describes epinephrine dosing for neonatal resuscitation?
• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) represents the:
• Functional residual capacity (FRC) is best described as which of the following?
• Among genitourinary anomalies associated with congenital vertebral anomalies, which is the most common?
• Post-term pregnancy is associated with increased risk for which neonatal complication?
• Which disorder is commonly associated with bilateral renal agenesis?
• Which placental condition involves invasion through the uterine serosa and possibly into adjacent organs?
• Blood volume in a preterm infant is approximately:
• The most highly recognized risk factor for developing placenta accreta is:
• Which ventilator change is most appropriate when trying to improve oxygenation during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)?
• Rapid intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate may cause which of the following adverse effects?
• How long should Zidovudine prophylaxis be continued in the exposed newborn?
• Infants of diabetic mothers with early hypocalcemia may be related to which electrolyte abnormality?
• Adding cysteine to parenteral nutrition improves calcium and phosphorus solubility by which mechanism?
• Craniosynostosis may be associated with which endocrine condition?
• A direct dose–response relationship has been noted between fetal exposure to active maternal smoking and which of the following?
• If serum pH is within normal range but data suggest an abnormal acid-base pattern, which should be considered?
• Which is the most severe end of the bladder exstrophy-epispadias spectrum?
• An infant on conventional mechanical ventilation has blood gas values: pH 7.0, PaCO2 55 mmHg, PaO2 38 mmHg, HCO3- 13 mEq/L. Which interpretation best fits this ABG?
• Micrognathia and cleft palate are characteristic of which disorder?
• Which of the following determines the volume of the extracellular fluid?
• Which sign would you expect in a neonate with radial dysplasia?
• The most common cause of renovascular hypertension in the newborn is which of the following?
• Acidosis results in a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the:
• Which is the most common cause of congenital stridor in newborns?
• There is a 1:1 relationship between PEEP and mean airway pressure; for every 1 cm H2O increase in PEEP, mean airway pressure increases by how much?
• Between intubation attempts, bag-mask ventilation should be used to stabilize the infant unless which condition is suspected?
• What is the effect of beta agonists on surfactant secretion by Type II alveolar cells?
• The change in posterior pole venous dilation and arterial tortuosity that indicates more severe ROP is identified as which finding?
• Which statement best describes fetal lung fluid?
• Stage 5 ROP is characterized by which finding?
• Which agent is effective in treating extravasations involving parenteral alimentation fluids including calcium?
• In newborns with internal tibial torsion, which statement describes the expected course?
• Normal sized kidneys can be palpated in the flank areas ______ the level of the umbilicus.
• Which factor would NOT satisfy generally accepted ECMO eligibility criteria?
• Which adverse effect is commonly observed in neonates treated with Prostaglandin E1, particularly in those under 2000 g?
• Which of the following anomalies can be classified as a malformation?
• The underlying pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is which of the following?
• The focus of neonatal resuscitation is:
• Dosing regimens appropriate during the first few days of postnatal life may not be appropriate 3 to 4 weeks after birth because:
• The sucking reflex should be well established by which gestational age?
• Why is exogenous surfactant often indicated in severe MAS?
• Among the medications listed for maternal cardiovascular disease, which has established teratogenic effects on the fetus?
• Which statement best describes the role of inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome complicated by pulmonary hypertension?
• Premature formulas contain which additional elements when compared to term infant formulas?
• Which mechanism contributes to fetal lung structural maturation in response to antenatal steroids?
• A potential complication of oxytocin administration is?
• At birth, total body water represents approximately what percentage of body weight in a full-term infant?
• What is the normal glucose requirement for preterm infants?
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is uncommon in infants born after which gestational age?
• Which of the following may be indicated for treatment of a hyperkalemic infant with significant cardiac arrhythmia?
• The fetal effect seen with antenatal corticosteroids is most evident upon which process?
• Sodium bicarbonate use in neonatal resuscitation should be reserved for post-resuscitation care and guided by which of the following?
• Milia are a type of:
• Which radiographic diagnosis is most likely when there is a hyperlucent rim of air lateral to the cardiac border beneath the thymus with the thymus displaced superiorly?
• Disruption in development is exemplified by which condition?
• Why must nitric oxide be removed from the respiratory circuit?
• Which assessment helps determine the target pre-ductal oxygen saturation during neonatal resuscitation?
• What is the approximate half-life of serum T4 in newborns?
• What is the major component of surfactant and the principal surface-active lipid?
• The severity of a diaphragmatic hernia is related to which of the following factors?
• High-dose acyclovir for neonatal herpes has resulted in what outcome across all disease classifications?
• The primary growth-promoting hormone in the fetus is which substance?
• The chest circumference of a term infant is typically what relative to the head circumference?
• Elevations of which substance may be a sign of overdose in infants treated with nitric oxide?
• When performing an assessment of the hips on an infant, you would expect a positive Ortolani sign to:
• Which biomarkers are described as early markers of neonatal sepsis?
• Which statement best describes the treatment window for neonatal hypomagnesemia management with magnesium sulfate?
• True concerning the presence of a single palmar crease:
• RSV prophylaxis during RSV season includes which infant group as a criterion?
• In monitoring patients on amphotericin B, which vital signs should be closely monitored?
• In congenital hypothyroidism, when should thyroid hormone replacement therapy be started?
• Based on available evidence, enteral feeds may be advanced in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants by
• Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a deficiency in the production of which hormone?
• In a neonate with a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus and ductal steal physiology, which clinical finding best reflects this phenomenon?
• Which treatment used for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) has reduced the number of infants requiring ECMO?
• Which statement about a single palmar crease is true?
• The primary pathophysiology of pulmonary hemorrhage is related to which of the following?
• Down syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of which thyroid condition?
• The position of the oxygen dissociation curve is described by the P50, which represents the PaO2 at an oxygen saturation of what percent?
• Functional residual capacity is best described as which of the following?
• When performing a lumbar puncture on a term newborn, what is the recommended needle depth?
• Infants born to heroin addicts have a lower incidence of which condition?
• Infants with undetected CAH may present to the emergency department at 7–14 days with which sign?
• Which is the best laboratory single measurement for defining neonatal hypocalcemia?
• During the diuretic phase on days 2–3 of life, which parameter shows a transient rise?
• Which drug administered to a mother 24 to 48 hours before delivery reduces the incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome?
• Bacteriostatic antibacterial agents function by disrupting or inhibiting which cellular process?
• Which study is recommended for identifying the underlying etiology in neonates with moderate to severe hydronephrosis?
• Which element is NOT part of the standard classifications for retinopathy of prematurity?
• A 26-week gestation infant at one week postnatal age should be in an incubator environment with relative humidity at approximately which percent?
• During the later stages of BPD, functional lung volume is reduced primarily due to:
• The leading cause of intellectual delay in children is prenatal exposure to which substance?
• Which statement is true regarding maternal alcohol use during pregnancy?
• In a premature infant, the pupillary light reaction is present at approximately how many weeks gestation?
• A newborn who is cyanotic at rest but pink when crying most likely has which condition?
• Which may be an early warning sign that an infant is cold-stressed?
• Which statement accurately reflects NAS pharmacologic treatment with regard to current evidence?
• Which of the following is a potential complication of a vaginal breech delivery?
• Which finding is most commonly associated with osteogenesis imperfecta on ophthalmic examination?
• Which parameter is essential to monitor in neonates receiving amphotericin B?
• Successful extubation is more often achieved when transitioning immediately off IMV rather than after a pre-extubation CPAP trial due to which physiologic principle?
• Which of the following is NOT an early sign of congenital hypothyroidism in the neonate?
• In neonates, hepatic metabolism maturation influences drug clearance such that early dosing may require adjustments.
• The most common cause of conjunctivitis in the newborn is which organism?
• Which neonatal pain scale is effective for measuring pain in infants less than 25 weeks' gestation?
• Infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) should be monitored closely for the development of which condition?
• In neonates, an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis may be due to which condition?
• Approximately what fraction of the total work is required to overcome the static elastic forces of the lungs and chest wall?
• Based on trial data, nitric oxide is not recommended for premature neonates with a gestational age less than or equal to how many weeks?
• Which ventilator adjustment should be considered in an infant with pulmonary hemorrhage?
• Which statement about marijuana use and preterm birth is supported by evidence?
• Acute acidosis in the neonate often results in which electrolyte disturbance?
• What happens to the free drug concentration when plasma albumin decreases?
• Which program uses individualized flexible developmental care plans based on an infant's developmental stage and behavioral cues?
• Anterior placement of a chest tube is appropriate for draining which of the following?
• Which of the following is a major factor in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
• Is it possible for withdrawal signs in NAS to be delayed beyond 7 days of age?
• Intrapartum prophylaxis targets colonization by which organism?
• Isolated syndactyly shows which inheritance pattern?
• The abdominal circumference measurement is taken along the outer margin of the abdominal skin line at the level of which structures?
• Which definition correctly expresses minute ventilation?
• Definitive diagnosis of anemia in the newborn may require which approach?
• High oxygen saturation (94% to 99%) at or after 32 weeks postmenstrual age is associated with which risk for progression to severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?
• What is considered a therapeutic peak range for vancomycin when used to treat meningitis?
• Which of the following is the most important risk factor for abruptio placenta?
• CAH majority due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• Monitoring an infant on inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy includes measurement of which parameter?
• Which feature is NOT typically associated with CHARGE syndrome?
• What is the most common type of apnea in the preterm infant?
• Sodium bicarbonate during resuscitation may increase which of the following?
• Total body water ______ throughout gestation.
• Which organism has become the most significant pathogen in early-onset pneumonia in preterm infants?
• Venoarterial (VA) ECMO supports which of the following functions?
• Which description best defines a papule?
• Which metabolic disorder includes a severe form that presents with microcephaly, lethal cardiac and brain anomalies, and ambiguous genitalia?
• Cocaine use during pregnancy negatively impacts fetal oxygenation by which mechanism?
• Which factor is the most important predictor of long-term renal function in newborns with prenatal hydronephrosis?
• The origin of a systolic ejection murmur that radiates to the back is usually which valve origin?
• A double volume exchange transfusion exchanges approximately what percent of the infant's blood volume?
• When a wet newborn is exposed to moving air and surfaces with lower temperature, which heat loss mechanisms are high unless the infant is dried and covered?
• The onset of signs attributable to neonatal withdrawal from heroin may be which of the following?
• Amniocentesis is ideally performed at which gestational window?
• The radiographic findings of pulmonary hemorrhage are difficult to distinguish from which condition?
• Which bone is most often fractured during the birth process, aside from the clavicle?
• Regarding treatment of neonatal shock, which statement is true?
• The direction of gentle auricle traction for newborn otoscopy is?
• In neonates, a higher immature-to-total neutrophil ratio is associated with infection risk.
• Procalcitonin levels are elevated in sepsis and may be helpful as a marker for sepsis. There is evidence from adult ICU studies that significant reductions in use of antimicrobial agents can be achieved in patients whose treatment is guided by procalcitonin concentration. This supports which statement?
• The transition between phase 1 and phase 2 in the development of ROP peaks at which postmenstrual age range?
• In infants with renal failure due to prerenal or intrinsic causes, which pattern describes urine specific gravity and osmolality?
• Delaying thyroid hormone therapy for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism by 8 days can result in which outcome?
• In an infant with an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, the serum chloride would be which of the following?
• Which region is most commonly injured in neonatal spinal trauma during birth?
• Infants with congenital vertebral anomalies have an increased incidence of genitourinary anomalies by approximately what percent?
• Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with renal agenesis or dysplastic kidneys is a feature of which sequence?
• Purulent or mucoid eye drainage without conjunctival erythema or swelling is usually treated with which of the following?
• Water balance in the newborn is controlled primarily by which hormone?
• During conventional mechanical ventilation, which parameter is most effective for improving oxygenation?
• In a preterm infant with PDA, which murmur is typically heard?
• Which statement about preeclampsia and socioeconomic status is supported by evidence?
• Albuterol may be used for treatment of which electrolyte abnormality?
• Transplacental transfer of maternal T4 during gestation primarily protects which aspect of neonatal development?
• A circumscribed, elevated, fluid-filled lesion greater than 1 cm in size describes which cutaneous lesion?
• Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in which part of the nephron?
• Peripheral cyanosis may be normal in neonates and may also occur in which situation?
• Which agent is used to treat extravasation of IV alpha-adrenergic drugs such as dopamine?
• Which is a common side effect of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) therapy?
• Doxapram may be used in neonates for which indication?
• The relationship between plasma concentration of a drug and the concentration of drug in the body is expressed as:
• In oscillator ventilation, amplitude adjustments primarily regulate gas delivery during which phase and gas removal during which phase?
• Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium less than which value?
• A key finding in an infant with acute renal failure includes which laboratory abnormality?
• Newborns born to mothers with a history of recurrent HELLP syndrome or AFLP should be evaluated immediately after birth for which disorder?
• The most sensitive and specific test to confirm primary hypothyroidism in the newborn is which finding?
• Potter sequence is classically associated with which renal anomaly leading to pulmonary hypoplasia?
• Feeding management for an infant diagnosed with galactosemia should be which of the following?
• What is the mechanism of action of sildenafil (Viagra) in the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?
• Which clinical factor may significantly decrease neutrophil counts in newborns?
• What is the minimum number of half-lives needed to achieve steady state plasma levels?
• The four sequential processes of the pharmacokinetic phase of a medication are:
• Newborns diagnosed with congenital vertebral anomalies should also be evaluated for which anomalies?
• Which of the following is an indication for an exchange transfusion?
• In premature infants, an association has been found between intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and the occurrence of which complication?
• Which finding is characteristic of talipes equinovarus?
• Most of the daily acid load is produced by which source?
• Chorioamnionitis will have which effect on lung maturation?
• Which presentation is most typical for infants with inborn errors of metabolism at birth?
• Which statement correctly describes a change in preterm human milk protein content over the first weeks?
• Severe meconium aspiration syndrome is commonly associated with which complication?
• During the diuretic phase on days 2–3 of life, which factor causes a transient increase in FENA?
• Premature formulas are likely to contain higher levels of which minerals compared with term infant formulas?
• Which condition is most associated with primary pulmonary hypoplasia?
• After initial steps of resuscitation have been completed, proper management of a newborn born through meconium stained amniotic fluid with depressed respirations and poor muscle tone includes:
• The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale (NPASS) is effective for gestational ages within which range?
• Behavioral signs of overstimulation in an infant include:
• An increase in 2,3-DPG shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the:
• When infants have decreased serum protein levels, they are at greater risk for:
• The AAP recommends that a lumbar puncture be performed in any infant who:
• Which delivery scenario increases risk of neonatal spinal injury due to neck hyperextension during delivery?
• Normal newborns usually have a hip flexion contracture of how many degrees?
• Which factor is NOT a determinant of extracellular fluid volume?
• Which statement best describes relative blood volume per kilogram comparing preterm and term infants?
• An absolute contraindication to performing pericardiocentesis for cardiac tamponade is:
• Which of the following is associated with an increased risk for ROP?
• Patterns of anomalies are categorized into four types based on developmental process. Which category describes a primary structural defect resulting from intrinsic developmental abnormalities?
• What is the effect of antioxidant vitamins C & E on preeclampsia and preterm birth according to reviews?
• The shunt pathway in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is described as:
• Internal tibial torsion is the major component of which physiologic bowleg condition?
• The most common cause of mortality from congenital lung malformations is which condition?
• The bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex includes a spectrum of malformations that ranges from epispadias, through classic bladder exstrophy, to cloacal exstrophy. Which term describes this spectrum?
• A surrogate marker with a threshold of 70 mg/g that would predict pulmonary maturity is the which of the following?
• The half-life of any drug given to an infant with kidney or liver dysfunction will be:
• In retinopathy of prematurity, clock hours refer to which aspect of disease description?
• Term newborn blood volume is approximately:
• Which expression correctly defines work of breathing in this context?
• A systolic murmur that transmits to the neck is typically of which origin?
• Which ultrasound biometric is the best single predictor of fetal growth abnormalities?
• When evaluating suspected neonatal sepsis, CRP and Procalcitonin should be obtained when?
• What cut-off value has the American Academy of Pediatrics set for treatment with intravenous glucose in infants with symptomatic hypoglycemia?
• Use of sodium bicarbonate in newborn resuscitation should be reserved for which context?
• Which statement is true about meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF)?
• Which statement about the presence of a single palmar crease is true?
• Which statement about fetal growth hormones is true according to the material?
• In Apert syndrome, which limb feature is typically present?
• Which auscultatory finding is commonly associated with meconium aspiration syndrome?
• The external ear consists of which two main components?
• Which test is sometimes evaluated for fetal lung maturity but is not identified as the most valid marker in contaminated amniotic fluid?
• What is the appropriate endotracheal tube diameter for a 28-34 weeks gestation infant?
• Hyperglycemia is generally considered to be plasma glucose in which range?
• What is the typical intravenous dose of 50% magnesium sulfate used for neonatal hypomagnesemia?
• Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is commonly used to treat which neonatal condition?
• RhoGAM is administered at 28 weeks gestation to reduce hydrops fetalis due to which condition?
• Using published diagnostic criteria, how would you classify the severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in an infant at 8 weeks postnatal age requiring 28% oxygen?
• Which imaging combination is commonly used to detect associated cardiac anomalies in cases of unilateral vocal cord paralysis?
• During the first week of life, healthy neonates experience a physiologic reduction in body weight primarily due to a decrease in which compartment?
• One of the classic triad symptoms in infants with renal venous thrombosis is which finding?
• The clinical presentation of a preterm infant with a persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) typically begins with which finding?
• In achondroplasia, which limb segments are disproportionately shortened?
• Skin-to-skin care for infants less than 28 weeks should begin at approximately:
• Compared to the general population, the incidence of congenital anomalies in infants exposed to heroin is:
• Absence of which ear structure would cause difficulty in localizing sound?
• Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE), seen predominantly in premature infants on prolonged ventilation, is commonly a sequela of which process?
• Torticollis may be associated with which condition?
• Which statement best describes HbF percentage changes with increasing postnatal age in preterm infants?
• The persistence of hypoxia after 5 to 10 minutes of 100% oxygen exposure is indicative of which mechanism?
• For emergency volume replacement when severe fetal anemia is suspected, which should be considered?
• For symptomatic neonates with complete clavicular fracture, which treatment is most appropriate?
• Among infants exposed to prenatal opioids, lower gestational age at birth correlates with which risk of neonatal withdrawal?
• Within the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex, which is the mildest form?
• Most cases of HIV transmission from the mother to the infant occur at which time?
• If a baby reaches the stage of secondary apnea which of the following will occur?
• Which hormone is not essential for fetal growth according to studies cited?
• Which clinical sign best evaluates tissue perfusion?
• What is the primary effect of adding cysteine to parenteral nutrition?
• Which statement best describes the primary regulation of water balance in newborns?
• Topical treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis in the neonate should consist of which medication?
• Which of the following is a mechanism of action of methylxanthines used in the treatment of apnea of prematurity?
• Infants who meet at-risk criteria for ROP should have their initial examination by the later of:
• Which statement has NOT been shown to reduce risk for preterm birth and fetal death?
• Increasing HbA relative to HbF in neonates is associated with which shift in the ODC?
• The ratio of immature to total neutrophils is used as a sensitive marker for which condition in newborns?
• Brushfield spots observed on the eye examination of a newborn infant are associated with which condition?
• Which condition features an abnormal location of the urethral meatus on the dorsal surface of the penis and varies in severity from mild to severe?
• In the context of diaphragmatic hernia, decompression of the stomach is important immediately after birth to reduce risk of:
• Infusion fluid volumes during the first day of life for a preterm infant weighing 1000-1500 grams should approximate:
• During pregnancy, which anticonvulsant carries higher risk for congenital anomalies and cognitive outcomes in children?
• In healthy term neonates, how does fractional excretion of sodium (FENA) compare to adults?
• A neonate with plasma glucose around 197 mg/dL: does this hyperglycemia require adjustment of IV fluids or insulin therapy?
• Which is a risk factor for renal venous thrombosis in neonates?
• Venovenous (VV) ECMO supports which function?
• A reasonable approach to advancing enteral feeds in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is to increase by
• Elevated AFP on amniocentesis may be associated with which condition?
• In neonatal hypotension management, albumin may impair gas exchange and be associated with increased mortality; isotonic saline has been shown to be as effective in increasing blood pressure.
• Which assessment tool evaluates neonatal behavior across autonomic, motor, state, and social-interaction domains?
• A term infant with limb posture indicating injury after a difficult delivery most likely has injury to which structure?
• Renal arterial thromboembolism in neonates is most commonly related to which catheterization?
• Which of the following is a side effect of methylxanthines?
• Urine specific gravity levels are expected to be ______ in infants with intrinsic renal failure.
• To account for evolving red blood cell morphology in infancy, anemia evaluation in neonates may require what?
• Which statement about absorption is true?
• Low-dose dopamine (1-5 mcg/kg/min) primarily stimulates which receptors?
• In fetal circulation, which vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the fetal heart?
• What is the primary purpose of PEEP in neonatal ventilation?
• The level of drug between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration in the blood is known as the:
• A neonate born at 28 weeks who has not had a blood transfusion and is now 12 weeks postnatal age should have approximately what percentage of fetal hemoglobin?
• Which syndrome includes coloboma, choanal atresia, and ear abnormalities?
• Increased airway resistance, airway hyperreactivity, and decreased lung compliance are characteristics of which condition?
• Which statement about congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is true?
• HBIG should be given within how many hours after birth to neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers?
• The average occipital-frontal circumference (OFC) of a newborn at 40 weeks gestational age is:
• When syndactyly presents as an isolated anomaly, the inheritance pattern is:
• The least common form of neonatal air leak syndrome is:
• Interventions to minimize the infant's distress center primarily on the:
• Which innocent murmur commonly found in low-birth-weight infants radiates to the axilla and back?
• Approximately what percentage of congenital adrenal hyperplasia cases are due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
• Which neonate reflex is used to assess brainstem function by observing eye movements when the head is turned?
• Which effect is produced by Beta-2 receptor activation?
• A woman with PKU should be placed on what diet before conception?
• Volume of distribution describes the relationship between the total amount of drug in the body and the plasma concentration.
• Which virus is the most common cause of congenital hearing loss in infants?
• A condition characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine is called what?
• Infants with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease are eligible for RSV prophylaxis if they are younger than what age?
• For an infant with respiratory distress syndrome and a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus, which pharmacologic option is supported as effective?
• The protein content of preterm human milk ______ over the first few weeks of lactation.
• Which condition will cause a leftward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve?
• In pregnancies with premature rupture of membranes, the severity of pulmonary hypoplasia correlates with the duration of which condition?
• A full-term infant has a three to four times greater risk of heat loss than an adult primarily because of which factor?
• One of the most common causes of asymmetric growth restriction is which of the following?
• Which treatment has been shown to reduce risk for preterm birth, small for gestational age infants, and fetal or neonatal deaths?
• A 3.0 kg neonate is prescribed acyclovir. What is the recommended dose per kilogram given every 8 hours?
• In the setting of a full-term birth with maternal opioid exposure and the infant with poor tone, what is the next action after initial steps?
• Among preterm infants with early-onset pneumonia, which pathogen is most significant?
• Between unsuccessful endotracheal intubation attempts, which is the recommended interim step to minimize hypoxia?
• Which condition involves blood collection between the periosteum and the skull with clearly demarcated edges confined by suture lines?
• Which statement accurately reflects the LaPlace equation and the role of surfactant?
• What is the primary purpose of minimal enteral feedings (trophic feedings) in preterm infants?
• For an infant around 28 weeks' gestation, which pain assessment scale is reported as effective?
• To minimize the risk of cold stress, core temperatures in healthy or at-risk infants may be considered normal within which range?
• In respiratory distress syndrome, the expiratory grunt is best understood as an effort to:
• A foot that is bent outward away from the body is described as which position?
• What is the major mode of treatment for a true neonatal hip dislocation?
• Peripheral temperature measurements from which site provide additional information about the infant's thermal state when graphed with core temperature?
• A chest radiograph showing hyperinflation with perihilar and interstitial streaky infiltrates in a neonate most strongly suggests which diagnosis?
• An infant with severe respiratory failure is on high frequency oscillatory ventilation with a mean airway pressure of 20 cm H2O in 100% oxygen. A recent ABG shows PaO2 = 40 mm Hg. Which oxygenation index (OI) is most likely?
• Which statement best describes how fetal glucose exposure changes as maternal glucose rises?
• When should Zidovudine treatment be initiated in the exposed newborn?
• Neutrophil counts in newborns are higher under which condition?
• Effects of epinephrine on the Alpha 1 receptor causes:
• In an infant with supraventricular tachycardia, after unsuccessful vagal stimulation, which drug should be given first?
• An infant presents with sudden deterioration including shock, cyanosis, bradycardia, and pink or red frothy liquid from the mouth or endotracheal tube. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin?
• Binding of drugs to plasma proteins has the greatest impact on:
• For vancomycin used to treat meningitis, when should the peak level be drawn relative to the end of the dose infusion?
• Potter sequence is associated with which prenatal condition?
• The most common form of brachial plexus injury is which?
• Which finding would improve diagnostic accuracy of imminent delivery for a woman in preterm labor?
• Which condition produces short-limb dwarfism with proximal segments more involved than distal?
• The absolute neutrophil count (ANC) can be calculated from a routine CBC by:
• Often performed with Ortolani test, the Barlow maneuver attempts to:
• Which drug property allows a drug to readily enter breast milk?
• The most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in boys is which condition?
• During lumbar puncture in a term infant, which technique best describes advancing the needle?
• Which laboratory study has the highest sensitivity for early onset sepsis?
• Synophrys, or fusion of the eyebrows in the midline, is strongly associated with:
• Which statement about cyanosis as an indicator of hypoxemia is true?
• Clitoromegaly is most commonly associated with which metabolic defect?
• The most common form of brachial plexus injury is:
• Therapeutic hypothermia results in a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the:
• Which of the following is typical signs and symptoms of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)?
• Increased extracellular water with decreased serum sodium in newborns after CNS trauma is associated with SIADH. What is the recommended treatment?
• Which neonatal pain scale has limited use in extremely premature neonates?
• Variable fetal heart rate decelerations are associated with which of the following?
• In diabetic pregnancies with vasculopathy, which pattern of fetal growth is most commonly observed?
• Which statement best describes the difference between VA and VV ECMO?
• Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes?
• The most effective adjustment to maintain lung expansion on a conventional ventilator is to increase which parameter?
• Which of the following may be a cause of postrenal failure in neonates?
• When screening shows low T4 and elevated TSH, thyroid hormone therapy should be started as soon as blood is collected for serum confirmation tests. Which option describes this timing?
• When assessing a newborn, the presence of a single palmar crease should be considered:
• According to the Sarnat clinical staging tool for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, an infant who is lethargic, hypotonic, and having frequent seizures would be classified as:
• Palivizumab is administered by which route?
• Air bubbles in an arterial blood gas sample are most likely to affect which measurement?
• In intrinsic renal disease in neonates, which metabolic disturbance is commonly observed?
• Which factor leads to decreased pulmonary blood flow?
• The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs recommends which of the following regimens as optimal treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)?
• What may cause fetal tachycardia without accompanying decelerations?
• During tracheal suctioning, which sequence is recommended?
• As postnatal age increases, the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) shifts in which direction?
• Which statement best describes the factors determining the expiratory time constant?
• The probability of survival of an infant with pulmonary hypoplasia is dependent on:
• Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium greater than which value?
• Intravenous amino acids should be given immediately after birth to provide:
• The most important risk factor for developing preeclampsia is:
• The total energy requirement for growing premature infants is approximately:
• Peak drug levels are used to determine:
• Orally administered drugs that are ________ are more rapidly absorbed.
• From birth to 6 months, term infants require approximately how many kcal/kg/day for normal growth and activity?
• What is the relationship between the decline in GBS sepsis and GBS pneumonia incidence?
• What is the major contributor to risk for pulmonary hemorrhage among preterm infants?
• If an emergency volume expander is indicated during neonatal resuscitation, the initial dose is:
• Which scenario is a potential complication of vaginal breech delivery?
• According to guidelines, palivizumab RSV prophylaxis is recommended during the RSV season for which group of infants?
• Congenital thoracic abnormality associated with pulmonary hypoplasia and increased PPHN risk?
• Which statement best describes the oscillator's amplitude in relation to gas movement during the respiratory cycle?
• Clinical findings in an infant with pulmonary hypertension include which of the following?
• Which statement correctly describes the timing for initiating chest compressions during neonatal resuscitation?
• Neutrophil counts increase with which of the following factors?
• The intravenous dosage for epinephrine (1:10,000) during resuscitation of a 4.0 kg infant is which range?
• In newborns, the majority of insensible water loss is via which route?
• During the Barlow maneuver, where should the examiner place the thumb to apply pressure?
• Systems for hypothermia treatment of neonatal encephalopathy use which mode of cooling exchange?
• An appropriate site for emergency evacuation of a life-threatening air leak is which?
• Experimental models and animal studies of fetal proinflammatory exposures produce which effect on surfactant?
• A decrease in temperature would shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left or right?
• Which electrolytes should be closely monitored with amphotericin B therapy?
• The most commonly heard continuous murmur in the newborn is associated with which condition?
• Which incubator humidity level is typical for a 26-week gestation infant at one week postnatal age?
• In adults, procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy has been shown to reduce:
• Which statement about vocal cord paralysis in pediatric patients is accurate?
• Which disorder has craniofacial anomalies typically present at birth?
• Which syndrome is associated with macroglossia?
• Pupillary responses to light in a normal 30-week gestation infant are likely to be:
• Zidovudine is most directly used to treat infection with which pathogen?
• Epispadias is categorized by three degrees of severity. Which of the following represents the most severe form?
• Which statement correctly describes the receptor effects of epinephrine?
• Pupillary responses to light are usually present but sluggish between which gestational ages?
• Active maternal smoking during pregnancy is an important risk factor for which condition in infants?
• Histamine H2 blockers have been shown to increase the incidence of which condition in very low birthweight infants?
• If a white retinal reflex is seen during red reflex testing in a newborn, this finding is most commonly associated with which condition?
• In a pregnant patient with poorly controlled diabetes, which test indicates fetal lung maturity?